水中总氮测定方法存在问题的研究及改进

碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定水中总氮采用的消解器皿是玻璃比色管,易造成空白偏高、结果偏低等问题。采用双圆柱状的消解杯对水样进行消解。结果表明,消解杯消解水中总氮,线性相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为0.05 mg/L,相对标准偏差小于5%,相对误差为0.88%~1.00%;改进后的消解器皿具有较好的精密度和准确度,能够更加准确测定水中总氮的含量。     

进口与国产COD消解测定仪测定废水COD的比对研究

应用消解分光光度法,比对了一款进口仪器和一款国产仪器应用于实际水样中COD含量测定的差异性。通过精密度、回收率、方法比对等实验分析得出,2款仪器应用电热消解分光光度法测定COD,实验结果与国标回流滴定法的实验结果基本一致,无显著性差异,具有可比性,可广泛用于水质评价和环境监测。与国产仪器相比,进口测定仪具有较小的偏差,较高的回收率。国产测定仪偏差较大的原因主要在于其比色装置,而不是用于前处理的消解装置。比较分析了2款仪器的购买和使用经济成本,为广大企事业及科研单位选用COD消解测定仪提供了有价值的基础数据和参考建议。     

Aerobic treatment of swine manure to enhance anaerobic digestion and microalgal cultivation

Aerobic treatment of swine manure was coupled with anaerobic digestion and microalgal cultivation. A 14-day aerobic treatment reduced the total solid content of swine manure by >15%. Ammonia and carbon dioxide were stripped by the air supplied, and this off-gas was further used to aerate the culture of Chlorella vulgaris. The microalgal growth rates in Bristol medium and the wastewater with the off-gas increased from 0.08 to 0.22 g/L/d and from 0.15 to 0.24 g/L/d, respectively. Meanwhile, the aerobically treated swine manure showed a higher methane yield during anaerobic digestion. The experimental results were used to establish a demonstration unit consisting of a 100 L composter, a 200 L anaerobic digester, a 60 L tubular photobioreactor, and a 300 L micro-open raceway pond.     

E-bikers’ braking behavior: Results from a naturalistic cycling study

Abstract

Objective: The number of e-bike users has increased significantly over the past few years and with it the associated safety concerns. Because e-bikes are faster than conventional bicycles and more prone to be in conflict with road users, e-bikers may need to perform avoidance maneuvers more frequently. Braking is the most common avoidance maneuver but is also a complex and critical task in emergency situations, because cyclists must reduce speed quickly without losing balance. The aim of this study is to understand the braking strategies of e-bikers in real-world traffic environments and to assess their road safety implications. This article investigates (1) how cyclists on e-bikes use front and rear brakes during routine cycling and (2) whether this behavior changes during unexpected conflicts with other road users.

Methods: Naturalistic data were collected from 6 regular bicycle riders who each rode e-bikes during a period of 2 weeks, for a total of 32.5?h of data. Braking events were identified and characterized through a combined analysis of brake pressure at each wheel, velocity, and longitudinal acceleration. Furthermore, the braking patterns obtained during unexpected events were compared with braking patterns during routine cycling.

Results: In the majority of braking events during routine cycling, cyclists used only one brake at a time, favoring one of the 2 brakes according to a personal pre-established pattern. However, the favored brake varied among cyclists: 66% favored the rear brake and 16% the front brake. Only 16% of the cyclists showed no clear preference, variously using rear brake, front brake, or combined braking (both brakes at the same time), suggesting that the selection of which brake to use depended on the characteristics of the specific scenario experienced by the cyclist rather than on a personal preference. In unexpected conflicts, generally requiring a larger deceleration, combined braking became more prevalent for most of the cyclists; still, when combined braking was not applied, cyclists continued to use the favored brake of routine cycling. Kinematic analysis revealed that, when larger decelerations were required, cyclists more frequently used combined braking instead of single braking.

Conclusions: The results provide new insights into the behavior of cyclists on e-bikes and may provide support in the development of safety measures including guidelines and best practices for optimal brake use. The results may also inform the design of braking systems intended to reduce the complexity of the braking operation.     

应用高频气力分选机分选电子废料碎片的研究

进行了实验室高频气力分选机分选3～0.3 mm印刷电(线)路板模拟物料的研究.结果表明,在振频为1 621次/min,上升风量为120 m3/h,95 m3/h,60 m3/h,床面横向倾角6.64°,纵向倾角为1.07°时,金属回收率达93.95%;重产物金属品位为89.19%;轻产物中非金属的品位达99.33%.0.5～0.3 mm细粒物料的分选效果也是令人满意的.     

卷烟厂通风空调系统中聚积物燃烧特性研究

选取某烟厂车间通风空调系统,分别对风管内表面及设备部件表面附着的聚积物进行实测与分析.通过对所采集样品的C、H、N、S等的元素分析、工业分析、自然状态下的着火点参数以及灰熔融性参数等的实验分析,得到了烟厂建筑的通风空调系统中聚积物的燃烧特性,为工业建筑火灾的预测评价及防排烟设计提供了参考.     

微波消解—火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的钴、钼

土壤样品的传统消解方法是用电热板硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸体系,消解时间长,试剂用量大,对操作人员身体危害大,并且测定结果也不准确。本文阐述了微波消解——原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中的钴、钼。通过硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解体系,选择出微波消解的最佳消解条件,通过对微波消解体系和传统消解体系进行对比试验,微波消解体系具有赶酸时间短,准确度高,对人体危害小,是一种值得推广的土壤消解方法。     

微波消解-火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定固体废物中的钡

采用微波消解法对固体废物浸出液样品进行前处理,采用乙炔-空气火焰原子吸收法测定钡的含量,检出限为2．04mg／L,加标回收率为94．5％,精密度为4．85％-6．81％。     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定土壤中的金属元素研究

采用硝酸-盐酸-氢氟酸-双氧水作溶剂,通过微波消解技术、电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定土壤中的锑、砷、铍、镉、铬、铜、铅、镍、硒、银、铊、锌,优化了微波消解仪和等离子发射光谱仪的工作参数,研究了共存离子的干扰和消除方法。优化后的微波消解酸体系及用量比例为HNO3∶HCl∶HF∶H2O2=5∶2∶3∶1,方法线性良好,各元素的检出限在0.000 2 mg/L~0.010 1 mg/L之间,土壤样品测定的标准偏差在0.001~0.051之间,加标回收率在85.5%~108.5%之间。该方法检出限低、精密度高、准确度好,测定结果令人满意。     

不同方法测定水体总氮存在的问题探讨及条件优化研究

利用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法,探讨了消解时间和消解温度对空白吸光值的影响,认为增加消解时间可以降低空白吸光值,而提高消解温度对空白吸光值的影响不大;对于某些样品中总氮含量低于氨氮含量的现象,将碱性过硫酸钾装入小试管,再放入装有水样的比色管中,虽然能够减少氨气形式逸出的氮含量,但回收率较低;连续流动和流动注射-盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法,在以后的修订中应增加过硫酸钾含氮量以及镉柱还原能力大小的界定.